If it's a capital ship (large-scale vessel), then the terms I like best are:
"Forward Battery" (Battery is technically more than one gun)
"Forward Cannons"
"Bow Cannon"
"Bow Emplacement"
"Fore Cannon"
"Primary Cannon" (If it's the biggest gun on the ship)
If you must specify the direction:
Cardinal Gun/Cannon
Ordinal Gun/Cannon
Axial Gun/Cannon
For fighter-style ships (why would a fighter have a movable turret?) you probably don't need to specify directional orientation, the default assumption should be forward-pointing.
If it is common for ships to have fixed guns in the bow, especially if the gun is of a unique type which is always placed in the bow, then you don't need to specify it's location. For instance, in Halo, all human ships have a MAC gun in the bow, and it is never located elsewhere. On submarines, torpedoes are almost always forward-mounted. In both of these cases, you don't have to specify where the weapon is located, because it's always in the same place.